Islam Relationships with the West

Islam Relationships with the West Introduction Islam is one of the major religious groups spread all over the world. Just like most religious groups derive their principles from holy books, Islam also follow their principles as enshrined in their holy book, which is known as the Qur’an. The devotees of this holy book deem it the word of Allah.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Islam Relationships with the West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, Islam adherents regard Prophet Muhammad as the prophet of God and his messenger to the world; they follow his teachings and examples which they regard as normative. Muslims are those individuals who identify themselves with Islam (acquiescence to God). The religious practices of Islam entail what they have been referred to as the Five Pillars of Islam; these concern all facets of life and the society at large (Maqsood, 1995). Islam Relationships in the West It is important to note from the ou tset that the relationship between the West and Islam has never been sufficiently positive right from the start of the 20th century. The West has a perception that Islam is a religion mainly concerned with the act of terrorism (Al-Khattar, 2003). The West has therefore become more cautious when dealing with issues that regard Islam. Due to this fact, the relationship between the West and Islam is set to be the characteristic feature in the 21st century, especially with respect to the Middle East. The questions are the policy makers in the West should engage with the Islamic world, whether the spread of democracy in the Muslim regions stop the military forces that generates terrorism and the Western governments and populace deal with the swelling population of Muslims; and how all these will affect the foreign policies of countries like the United States of America (Bascio, 2007). Moreover, the relationship between Islam and the West has become critical. Both the West, especially the United States, and Muslims have never trusted each other as aggression and terror always come in the mid of the relationship that exists between Islam and the West. The fact is that the Western nations, particularly The United States, have become arrogant to the Muslim world on one hand. On the other hand, the Muslim world has continuously maintained militancy against the Western world. This scenario has placed the relationship in perpetual tension. The tensioned was heightened when the events of the infamous 9/11 took place on the soil of the United States of America in which many people of varied nationalities were killed. The United States respondent militarily and this led to even more tension between the two world’s.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is also political competition between the West and the Islam worlds. Both sides are determ ined to dominate each other politically (Al-Khattar, 2003). It is no doubt that the west are worried that Muslim may surpass them in political terms. However, there are also cultural aspects to the relationship between the West and Islam. The Muslims on the other hand hold the fear that the west will disintegrate their culture. Due to this fear, the Muslim nations have always reacted defensively against the Western nations. In fact, the Muslims tend to decline almost everything that has originated from the West (Al-Khattar, 2003). Further, the Muslim world views the West not as a dialogue partner, but as a repressive colonizer and great enemy. In fact, Islam believes that the West should come to the spirituality of Islam; implying that the West should embrace Islam as a way of life. This has been argued to be one of the fundamental reasons the Muslim world started the project of Islamization and the proclamation of the Islamic science. To this day, the bond between Islam and Western nations is weak. The Spread of Muslim Culture in the United States The presence of Muslim culture in the United States of America started as early as 1880s when thousands of Islamic adherents migrated from the Empire of Ottoman and some regions of South Asia into the United States. At that time, the Muslims did not really have distinctive settlement and most probably they were assimilated into the broader society (Kayyali, 2006). The earliest Muslim documented to have been the first to enter the United States was known as Anthony Janszoon Van Salee; he moved to New Amsterdam around the year 1630. In 1921, Ahmadiyya Muslim Community became the oldest Muslim establishment in the United States of America (Scholz Frijhoff, 2007). The Muslim culture in the United States gained its widespread during the 20th century; much of the growth was accounted for by widespread conversion of those already in the United States and large numbers of immigration into the United States. So, it can be a rgued that that the Muslim culture in the United States is spread by three factors. One of the factors is immigration; the second one is continuous conversion amongst those who already lived in the United States. The recent immigration has accounted for the widespread of Islam in the United States. The third factor that may be considered significant in the spread of Muslim culture in the United States is cultural heritage; the Muslim couples in the United States only teach their children about Islam being the only true religion for them. It therefore means that as more Muslims give birth in the United States, they also spread their religious culture.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Islam Relationships with the West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors Contributing to the Growth and Population of Islam Culture in the United States One of the factors that significantly contribute to the growth and population of Islam culture in the United States is the belief that one should have as many children as he can. This implies that in the Muslim culture, birth control is not practiced and is not supported. Related to this belief is the fact that Muslims believe in poligyny; they can marry upto four wives and with the four wives, a Muslim man can sire as many children as he wishes or he deems appropriate. This scenario has raised the fertility rate amongst Muslims more than any religion or any society of individuals (Naim, 2002). The immigration policy of the United States is one of the contributing factors to growth and population of the Muslim culture. The migration policy that allow individuals to come all over the world to enter and work in the United States is significant and strategic for the Muslim communities to find their way into the United States; this is coupled with the fact that the policy does not place any form of restrictions to the effect of religious affiliations even through the West in general is very much concerned with the increasing size of Muslim population in the region (Larkin, 2001). But, then, it may be difficult to stop the growth of the Muslim population in the United States because there are Muslims who have become citizens of the United States either by natural birth or artificially; these Muslims have rights just like any other citizens who are non-Muslims. Therefore, citizenship is one of the fact ors has ensured increase and growth in the population of Muslim culture in the United States. The fact is that as they give birth, the children automatically become citizens of the United States. It should also not be forgotten that the United States of America has granted its citizens the right and freedom of worship. By virtue of this fact, the population has the right to choose whether to become Islam adherents or not; the choice is personal (Larkin, 2001). Conclusion The relationship between the West and Islam has been full of tension and s uspicion. The Western nations have viewed Muslim world and as a religion to be only concerned with acts terrorism. On the other hand, Muslim world has views the West as colonizers and enemies.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The spread of Islam culture to the United States of America began in the 1880s during the reign of Ottoman. It is recorded that thousands and thousands of Muslim immigrated into the United States from the Empire of Ottoman between 1880 and 1914. Since then, the culture of Islam has gained widely spread in the United States. The spread of Muslim culture in the United States is facilitated by immigration, birth and cultural heritage. Factors that contribute to growth of Islam population and culture are the United States immigration policies and the rights and freedoms of worship. Reference List Al-Khattar, A. (2003). Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective. United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. Bascio, P. (2007). Defeating Islamic terrorism: an alternative strategy. U.S: Branden Books. Kayyali, R. (2006). The Arab Americans. U.S: Greenwood Publishing Group. Larkin, B. (2001). International Religious Freedom (2000): Annual Report: Submitted by the U.S. Department of Stat e (see 0-7567-1338-2 for ‘01 ed.). United States: DIANE Publishing. Maqsood, R. (1995). Islam. Examining religions. Orxford: Heinemann. Naim, A. (2002). Islamic family law in a changing world: a global resource book. New York: Zed Books. Scholz, M. Frijhoff, W. (2007). Fulfilling Gods mission: the two worlds of Dominie Everardus Bogardus, 1607-1647. Netherlands: BRILL.

buy custom Educational Placements essay

buy custom Educational Placements essay For student with disabilities, placement choices directly affect the opportunity to be around non-disabled peers, a context that is essential to learning relevant skills and developing supportive social relationships. Special education instruction can be provided in a number of settings. The public agencies ensure that a continuum of alternative placements is available to meet the needs of these students. This paper describes the roles, advantages and disadvantages of resource room placement, general education classroom placement and, home instruction. Resource Room Placement A resource room is an educational setting within a school that offers remedial instruction to students to students with learning disability. Generally, students spend most of their time in general or regular classes but visits a resource room for a portion of their day for group or individual instruction on specific areas outlined on the childrens individualized educational program. The main pro of a resource room is that it is very helpful due to the efforts of individual teachers who provide individual assistance, remediation and positive reinforcement. Also, students can benefit from specific training while remaining integrated with their age mates and friends in school. On the other hand, resource room has some cons. For instance, the school rsk publicly identifying the students with disabilities as being different from others or peers. This can possibly cause self-image as well as self-esteem issues for these students. For example, putting students with mild disabilities into a separate room with the ones with severe cognitive delays can damage the self-esteem and self image of the students with mild disabilities. Home Instruction This is where families are actively involved in their disabled childrens education. Family input is very critical advantageous, as family members supply considerable information on student strengths, weaknesses, dislikes, responses to past interventions, preferences and their future hopes and goals. Home instruction can deny the students with disabilities a free and appropriate education if the parents are derelict in their duties and fail to cooperate with relevant school districts. General Education Classroom Placement This placement involves full inclusion whereby students are placed in a general education classroom for the entire school day. The support and services necessary to ensure an appropriate education come to these disabled students in the general education class; students are not pulled out into special classrooms for instruction. This placement has some advantages. Foor instance, its full inclusion goes beyond returning students who have been in separate placements to the general education classrooms. It incorporates an end to labeling students and shunting them out of the regular classroom to obtain the required services. It responds to calls for never streaming by establishing a unified and restructured system that serves all students together. On the other hand placement/full inclusion is not achievable for many disabled stude3nts. The reality is that specialized academic and social instruction can best be provided, at least for some students, in pull-out setting. Finally, moves to full inclusion will result in the loss of special education personnel who have been trained to work with disabled students who have diverse needs. Therefore, the students will be dumped in an environment that does not meet their specific needs. Conclusion In ideal situations, all placement issues should be decided in logical sequence after the children are determined eligible for special education and after an individualized education plan has been designed by the childrens relevant educational teams. According to mainstreaming requirement, it is not good to place students with disabilities outside regular classrooms if educating them in the regular classrooms with supplementary aid and support services can be satisfactorily achieved. Buy custom Educational Placements essay

Read the case first, and then answer the question Assignment - 1

Read the case first, and then answer the question - Assignment Example One advantage of Facebook advertisement is its â€Å"like, comment and share† features that engage the users in an interactive product advertisement. A user who spots a unique product, they can like it, express their opinions on the product through the comment option or even invite others to like the product by a click on the share option. As Treadway and Smith (13) point out, these features make Facebook â€Å"a Winner take all† in the social media advertisement. With these features, Facebook is likely to attract more buyers for organizations with a short time period. For instance, Coca-Cola Company increased its revenue from $1.86 billion to $ 82.9 billion dollars within a period of less than one year. Another advantage of Facebook emanates from its popularity in the social spheres especially to the young generation. An organization that creates an advertisement is likely to attract more customers in the shortest time possible. Nike Company doubled its Facebook fans t o 3.1 million within a weekend. Additionally, over 30% of the people who like an advertisement are likely to recall about the product. From this point of view, Facebook is a channel for distribution organizational information which is necessary for organizational growth. On the other hand, Facebook is a way of managing processes that allow customers to acquire information from the organization. When an organization shares its information on its Facebook page, it allows potential customers to read and share the same information which is part forms part of customer attraction. The success of the Coca Cola Company can be associated with the organization's ability to provide product information to its 12 million Facebook fans. The customers of Seven K’ business organization can access information on health tips from their Facebook ‘service mission’ page. From a different perspective, organizations are able to obtain customer feedback from the Facebook pages in the co mment space which allows customer to comment either positively or negatively about the products (Treadaway and Smith 241). Acquisition of customer feedback allows organizations to assess customer reaction and modify the products suit the consumer tastes. This way the organization is able to perfect and develop its products from time to time, a critical part of the customer value approach. Case Study, A Mobile Application for Home Depot A core aspect of an information system is effective in the distribution of information and management of the people within an organization. In the e-enabled world, information is a critical aspect of the business organization that contributes to the success of the organization in a competitive market environment. The information distribution must be smooth, reliable, coordinated, effective and timely. In Home depot, the organization has remained static by declining to integrate technology driven information management system, which is a portrayal of i ncompetence on the part of the management. The move of the CEO Frank Blake to equip the employees with sophisticated mobile equipment is an innovative plan for distribution of information about the effectiveness of the organization. First phones will allow employees to communicate, manage organizational records and inventories and even facilitate the purchase of products. Consequently, this will form an effective network for information manag

Analysis of trade directories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of trade directories - Essay Example In this essay my prime focus would be on the analysis of the trade directories of two regions Brigg and Scunthorpe, concentrating more on the medical professions and practitioners based in these areas. For the purpose of research I have basically made use of the trade directories of the regions Brigg and Scunthorpe and analysed them. In Kelly’s directory of Lincolnshire and Hull the trade directory of Brigg is designed in such a manner that first it briefly describes the geographic location of the region. Stating its exact distances from big cities and areas like London and Lincolnshire, the directory indirectly explains the importance of Brigg. Brigg according to the directory was a fishing hamlet but after extensive trade became a union and market town.1 The directory discusses the history of Brigg briefly stating that it had been controlled by a Local Board since 1864 but towards the end of the 19th century had come under the direct control of the Union Direct Council.2 This was the reason why Brigg was provided gas and ample water reserves. The trade directory for Brigg also focuses on the cathedrals and churches found in the area. There is special mention of St. John’s Cathedral which according to the directory is made from the Gothic Style.3 The directory specifically mentions the costs associated with the building in reconstruction and renovation of the Cathedral. Further, the directory provides the relevant information about the important buildings in the county. For instance it elaborates on the exact location and the design of the police building, and the library. Moreover it mentions that the markets are held every Thursday in the town and the newspaper is called the ‘Lincolnshire Star.’4 It is evident that the trade directory is designed for the people who are unaware of the region of Brigg. This trade directory serves as a small brochure to the people who plan on living in Brigg

An Epic Evaluation of Apocalypse Now Essay Example for Free

An Epic Evaluation of Apocalypse Now Essay In 1979, Francis Ford Coppola unleashed a film that reshaped the view of the American Vietnam war. The film was heralded as an epic of modern film. However, is it truly an epic or is that term become a widely used word for great works of cinema? Does Apocalypse Now contain the epic criteria of religion, a journey, a vast setting, a sense of supernatural and other key factors? The journey in Apocalypse Now is Captain Benjamin Willard’s mission to assassinate Army Colonel Walter Kurtz. The former Green Beret has deserted his command and now leads a rogue army of commandos and Montagnard, the indigenous people of the central highlands of Vietnam(Human Rights Watch). This film is also a journey into the darkness of the human soul. As Willard travels up the river he spends most of his time reading the Army’s dossier on the rogue Kurtz who has been deemed insane after his use of â€Å"unsound methods. † Willard tries to understand the actions of Kurtz, and as the film progresses, Willard experiences more and more of the absurdities and immorality of war that lead him to understand the villainous Kurtz. His understanding comes with his own decent into near madness. After he senselessly kills a peasant woman on a sampan Willard states, â€Å"It was the way we had over here of living with ourselves. We’d cut them in half with a machine gun and give them a Band-Aid. It was a lie— and the more I saw of them the more I hated lies. † These words sound as though they were uttered by the insane Kurtz. The setting for Apocalypse Now is the fictional Nung River(Milks). Most of the film takes place on a Navy river patrol boat (PBR) with a four-man crew. The captain, Chief, a military man who follows protocol to a â€Å"T†and feels personally responsible for the fate of his crew. He blames Willard for the predicament that they find themselves in. Clean is a seventeen-year-old mechanic from the South Bronx. He is symbolic of the young men that fought in Vietnam that were ignorant to the ways of war and only waste time waiting to end their service careers. Chef, a saucier from New Orleans, who emphatically does not want to be in this strange land and Lance, a California surfer, make up the rest of the crew. Lance and Chef’s use of rugs and placement in the primitive jungle help them withdraw from the war around them as the film proceeds(Milks). This is symbolic of how many of the drafted youth felt in Vietnam. The film begins in the Greek tradition of en medias res. It opens with captain Willard in an alcohol induced depressive state in a hotel room in Saigon in 1968. He already completed one tour of duty in Vietnam only to return home and be miserable with the confines of civilization. He states, â€Å"I was discharged from the army four years ago. I went home, wasted some time, bought a Mustang Mach 1, drove it a week. Then I re-upped for another tour. No, everything I love is here. † He has been irrecoverably changed by the war. He feels that the jungle is the only place he belongs and he cannot wait to get back in action, â€Å"Every minute I stay in this room I get weaker. And every minute Charlie squats in the bush he gets stronger. † The film does not follow all the guidelines of an Epic in the Greek sense. In the beginning, Willard does not invoke the muses and the only religion is the Montagnards belief in Kurtz as a god. The film contains no epic lists and the film is not divided into twenty-four books. The only division in the film could be seen in the different episodes the crew faces traveling up river. The first is the rendevous with Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore, commander of the Air Ninth Calvary. Then, the tiger attack in the jungle, the U. S. supply depot complete with Playboy Playmates, the French rubber plantation, the small sampan, and the ancient temple where Kurtz resides. Each event adds to the mayhem of the journey and creates a darker mood for the film. The narrator and protagonist of the film is Captain Willard. However, he is not the epic hero because he does not meet the criteria. He is male, and he does have a task to complete, but that is about his only heroic characteristics. First, in terms of strength, he does not possess outstanding physical strength, nor is he mentally strong. As a character is quite passive, everything he does is influenced by someone, or something else. When he takes the mission he says, â€Å"What the hell else was I gonna do? † On the PBR, he withdraws himself from the actions of the crew, and spends most of his time studying the file on Kurtz, trying to get into the mind of his target. This only puts him in a more detached state. At Kurtz’s compound he is swayed by the teachings of Kurtz and makes the audience ponder if he will indeed carry out his mission, or join Kurtz’s group. Lance, as well as the last assassin sent to kill Kurtz, did just that. Willard confesses â€Å"It was the strangest thing — I don’t know that I can explain it. Two of my men dead and all I could think of was whether Kurtz was dead too. That’s all I wanted: to see Kurtz, to hear Kurtz. † Kurtz actually helps make that decision for him. Kurtz is weary of his life as a demigod and is expecting, and actually welcoming his death. You came up my river — in that small boat. So simple. I always thought the final justice would come from the sky, like we did. You are the final justice, aren’t you? † In one episode, on a sampan, a small fishing boat, Willard shows his true moral state. When Clean opens fire killing several civilians in a botched search of the boat, Chief decides to t ake the lone survivor, a peasant woman, to a military base for medical attention. Willard, thinking only of his mission, kills the woman so that she will not impede his journey to assassinate Kurtz. This event causes the rest of the crew to turn on him and cast a dark shadow over Willard. When Chef asks, â€Å"When you kill cong, don’t you feel something? † Willard responds, â€Å"Sure, recoil I feel the recoil of my rifle. † This statement alone solidifies the fact that Willard is not a fundamentally good soul. The supernatural is an important element in any Epic. In Apocalypse Now, the supernatural pertains more to a detachment from reality than to a ghost, miraculous events, or the common notion of the supernatural. In this sense, the film is rife with the supernatural. First Kilgore’s calvary, the surfing calvary charge into battle listening to the â€Å"Ride of the Valkyries. † Kilgore boasts, â€Å"We’ll come in low, out of the rising sun, and about a mile out, we’ll put on the music Yeah, I use Wagner – scares the hell out of the slopes! My boys love it! † The music and the surfing are completely out of place in the war-torn jungles of Vietnam. However, this is just the first stop on the tour of mass mayhem. Later in the film, the PBR comes across the remains of a rubber plantation. This is a plantation run by the de Marais family, a hold over from the French colonization of Indochina. In the middle of a war zone, a family is trying to hold onto a piece of property in a country in which they are not natives. Several of their family members have given their lives for that property and they believe they have just as much as a claim to it than anyone else. Even when a family member makes a symbolic gesture that makes a statement about America’s involvement in Vietnam and cracks an egg, which represents Indochina, lets the egg white run out and exclaims, â€Å"White goes, yellow stays! † The symbolism is poignantly blunt. It is surreal that they even attempt to keep their property. Also, they try to maintain their heritage in speaking French and having a tradition plantation life without interference from the outside world. The scene, including the burial of Clean is rife with symbolism and detachment from reality. The boat heads further up river and reaches an outpost where American forces are testing Einstein’s theory of insanity. Einstein once said, â€Å"The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result. †(Moncur) Each night the Viet Cong bomb a bridge and each day the G. I. s rebuild it. All of the soldiers at this base are either scared or confused, those that are not, are high on drugs. The colored flares and tracer rounds add to the effects of the psychedelic drugs and the whole theater of battle is in total chaos. Finally, Kurtz’s compound is the scene of total lack of reality. Rotting corpses hang from the tress, and heads litter the ancient temple. The scene is surreal. A burnt out photo journalist exclaims how great Kurtz is, seemingly oblivious to the mayhem around him. The man himself is a larger than life omnipotent character. He remains in the shadows for almost every scene and quotes poetry from T. S. Eliot. He is the all powerful in this land even though he is gone over the edge mentally, spiritually, and physically. He is supernatural. The film as a whole doesn’t fit the standards of an epic in the Greek tradition. However, it is an awesome tale of a man’s journey into the physical unknown of a strange land that forces him to search inside himself for some form of morality in the difficult circumstances of war. Willard is a stranger in a strange land, even to himself.

Cerebral Pasy vs Muscular Dystrophy :: essays papers

Cerebral Pasy vs Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy is a rare inherited muscle disease in which the muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage. The muscles, primarily the voluntary muscles, become progressively weaker. In the late stages of muscular dystrophy, muscle fibers often are replaced by fat and connective tissue. There are several types of muscular dystrophy. The various types of the disease affect more than 50,000 Americans. Many are associated with specific genetic abnormalities.The most common muscular dystrophies appear to be due to a genetic deficiency of the muscle protein dystrophin. These types of the disease are called dystrophinopathies. They include: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. This is the most severe form of dystrophinopathy. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy affects young boys. Signs and symptoms of the disease usually appear between the ages of 2 and 5. Children with the disease fall and have difficulty getting up off the floor. By late childhood, most are unable to walk. Most die by their late teens or early 20s, often from pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness or cardiac complications.  ·Becker's muscular dystrophy. This is a milder form of dystrophinopathy. It generally affects older boys and young men, and progresses more slowly, usually over several decades. Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophy are passed from mother to son through one of the mother's genes. The disease can "skip" a generation until another son inherits the defective gene. In some cases of Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies, the disease arises from a new mutation in a gene rather than from an inherited defective gene. Other types of muscular dystrophies can be handed on from generation to generation and affect males and females equally. Still others require a defective gene from both parents. Signs Are:  · Muscle weakness  · Apparent lack of coordination  · Inability to elevate your arms over your head  · Progressive crippling, resulting in loss of mobility Diagnosis:  · Blood Tests-Damaged muscles release enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) into the blood. High blood levels of CK suggest a muscle disease such as muscular dystrophy  · Electromyography- Electrical activity is measured as you relax and as you gently tighten the muscle. Changes in the pattern of electrical activity can confirm a muscle disease. The distribution of the disease can be determined by testing different muscles.  · Muscle Biopsy-A small piece of muscle is taken for laboratory analysis. The analysis distinguishes muscular dystrophies from other muscle diseases  · Genetic Testing-This can be done simply by a small blood sample for laboratory testing to see weather there is a abnormal gene Cerebral Pasy vs Muscular Dystrophy :: essays papers Cerebral Pasy vs Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy is a rare inherited muscle disease in which the muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage. The muscles, primarily the voluntary muscles, become progressively weaker. In the late stages of muscular dystrophy, muscle fibers often are replaced by fat and connective tissue. There are several types of muscular dystrophy. The various types of the disease affect more than 50,000 Americans. Many are associated with specific genetic abnormalities.The most common muscular dystrophies appear to be due to a genetic deficiency of the muscle protein dystrophin. These types of the disease are called dystrophinopathies. They include: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. This is the most severe form of dystrophinopathy. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy affects young boys. Signs and symptoms of the disease usually appear between the ages of 2 and 5. Children with the disease fall and have difficulty getting up off the floor. By late childhood, most are unable to walk. Most die by their late teens or early 20s, often from pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness or cardiac complications.  ·Becker's muscular dystrophy. This is a milder form of dystrophinopathy. It generally affects older boys and young men, and progresses more slowly, usually over several decades. Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophy are passed from mother to son through one of the mother's genes. The disease can "skip" a generation until another son inherits the defective gene. In some cases of Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies, the disease arises from a new mutation in a gene rather than from an inherited defective gene. Other types of muscular dystrophies can be handed on from generation to generation and affect males and females equally. Still others require a defective gene from both parents. Signs Are:  · Muscle weakness  · Apparent lack of coordination  · Inability to elevate your arms over your head  · Progressive crippling, resulting in loss of mobility Diagnosis:  · Blood Tests-Damaged muscles release enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) into the blood. High blood levels of CK suggest a muscle disease such as muscular dystrophy  · Electromyography- Electrical activity is measured as you relax and as you gently tighten the muscle. Changes in the pattern of electrical activity can confirm a muscle disease. The distribution of the disease can be determined by testing different muscles.  · Muscle Biopsy-A small piece of muscle is taken for laboratory analysis. The analysis distinguishes muscular dystrophies from other muscle diseases  · Genetic Testing-This can be done simply by a small blood sample for laboratory testing to see weather there is a abnormal gene

Food Dyes

Purpose of food coloring People associate certain colors with certain flavors, and the color of food can influence the perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine. [2] Sometimes the aim is to simulate a color that is perceived by the consumer as natural, such as adding red coloring to glace cherries (which would otherwise be beige), but sometimes it is for effect, like the green ketchup that Heinz launched in 1999.Color additives are used in foods for many reasons including:[3] offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions correct natural variations in color enhance colors that occur naturally provide color to colorless and â€Å"fun† foods Color additives are recognized as an important part of many foods we eat. [4] [edit]Regulation Food colorings are tested for safety by various bodies around the world and sometimes different bodies have different views on food color safety.In the United States, FD&C numbers (which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature, while in the European Union, E numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications. The food colors are known by E numbers that begin with a 1, such as E100 (turmeric) or E161b (lutein). [5] Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits.Natural colors are not required to be certified by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world, including the United States FDA. The FDA lists â€Å"color additives exempt from certification† for food in subpart A of the Code of Federal Regulations – Title 21 Part 73. However, this list contains substances which may have synthetic origins. FDA's permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods. Certified colors are ynthetically produced and are used widely because they impart an intense, uniform color, are less expensive, and blend more easily to create a variety of hues. There are nine certified color additives approved for use in the United States. Certified food colors generally do not add undesirable flavors to foods. Colors that are exempt from certification include pigments derived from natural sources such as vegetables, minerals or animals. Nature derived color additives are typically more expensive than certified colors and may add unintended flavors to foods.Examples of exempt colors include annatto, beet extract, caramel, beta-carotene and grape skin extract. [edit]Natural food dyes Natural food colors can make a variety of different hues A growing number of natural food dyes are being commercially produced, partly due to consumer concerns surrounding synthetic dyes. Some examples include: Caramel coloring (E150), made from caramelized sugar Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the achiote. Chlorophyllin (E140), a green dye made from chlorella algae Cochineal (E120), a red dye derived from the cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus Betanin (E162) extracted from beetsTurmeric (curcuminoids, E100) Saffron (carotenoids, E160a) Paprika (E160c) Lycopene (E160d) Elderberry juice Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), a green food coloring Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), a blue food dye To ensure reproducibility, the colored components of these substances are often provided in highly purified form, and for increased stability and convenience, they can be formulated in suitable carrier materials (solid and liquids). Hexane, acetone and other solvents break down cell walls in the fruit and vegetables and allow for maximum extraction of the coloring.Residues of these often remain in the finished product, but they do not need to be declared on the product; this is because they are part of a group of substances known as carry-over ingredients. Natural food colors, due to their organic nature, can sometimes cause allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock in sensitive individuals. Coloring agents known to be potential hazards include annatto, cochineal and carmine. [citation needed] [edit]Artificial coloring [edit]In the United States Seven dyes were initially approved under the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, but several have been delisted and replacements have been found. 6] Some of the food colorings have the abbreviation â€Å"FCF† in their names. This stands for â€Å"For Coloring Food† (US)[7] or â€Å"For Colouring of Food† (UK). [8][9] [edit]Current seven In the US, the following seven artificial colorings are permitted in food (the most common in bold) as of 2007: FD Blue No. 1 – Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (blue shade) FD Blue No. 2 – Indigotine, E 132 (indigo shade) FD Green No. 3 – Fast Green FCF, E143 (turquoise shade) FD Red No. 40 – Allura Red AC, E129 (red shade) FD Red No. 3 – Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade, commonly used in glace cherries)[10] FD Yellow No. 5 – Tartrazine, E102 (yellow shade)FD Yellow No. 6 – Sunset Yellow FCF, E110 (orange shade) [edit]Limited use The following dyes are only allowed by the FDA for specific limited applications: Orange B (red shade) – allowed only for use in hot dog and sausage casings. Citrus Red 2 (orange shade) – allowed only for use to color orange peels. [edit]Delisted and banned FD Red No. 2 – Amaranth FD Red No. 4[11][12] FD Red No. 32 was used to color Florida oranges. [6][11] FD Orange Number 1 was one of the first water soluble dyes to be commercialized, and one of seven original food dyes allowed under the Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906. 6][11] FD Orange No. 2 was used to color Florida oranges. [6] FD Yellow No. 1, 2, 3, and 4[11] FD Violet No. 1[11] [edit]Other Locations As stated above, most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits. In the EU, E numbers 102-143 cover the range of artificial colors. For an overview of currently allowed additives see here. Some artificial dyes approved for food use in the EU include: Quinoline Yellow: E104 Carmoisine: E122 Ponceau 4R: E124 Patent Blue V: E131 Green S: E142 [edit]Dyes and lakesColor additives are available for use in food as either â€Å"dyes† or lake pigments (commonly known as â€Å"lakes†). Dyes dissolve in water, but are not soluble in oil. Dyes are manufactured as powders, granules, liquids or other special purpose forms. They can be used in beverages, dry mixes, baked goods, confections, dairy products, pet foods, and a variety of other products. Dyes also have side effects which lakes do not, including the fact tha t large amounts of dyes ingested can color stools. Lakes are made by combining dyes with salts to make insoluble compounds. Lakes tint by dispersion.Lakes are not oil soluble, but are oil dispersible. Lakes are more stable than dyes and are ideal for coloring products containing fats and oils or items lacking sufficient moisture to dissolve dyes. Typical uses include coated tablets, cake and doughnut mixes, hard candies and chewing gums, lipsticks, soaps, shampoos, talc, etc. [edit]Other uses Because food dyes are generally safer to use than normal artists' dyes and pigments, some artists have used food coloring as a means of making pictures, especially in forms such as body-painting. Red food dye is often used in theatrical blood.Most artificial food colorings are a type of acid dye, and can be used to dye protein fibers and nylon with the addition of an acid. They are all washfast and most are also lightfast. They will not permanently bond to plant fibers and other synthetics. [13 ] [edit]Criticism and health implications Though past research showed no correlation between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and food dyes,[14][15] new studies now point to synthetic preservatives and artificial coloring agents as aggravating ADD and ADHD symptoms, both in those affected by these disorders and in the general population. 16][17] Older studies were inconclusive, quite possibly due to inadequate clinical methods of measuring offending behavior. Parental reports were more accurate indicators of the presence of additives than clinical tests. [18] Several major studies show academic performance increased and disciplinary problems decreased in large non-ADD student populations when artificial ingredients, including artificial colors, were eliminated from school food programs. [19][20] Norway banned all products containing coal tar and coal tar derivatives in 1978. New legislation lifted this ban in 2001 after EU regulations.Tartrazine causes hives in less t han 0. 01% of those exposed to it. [21] Erythrosine is linked to thyroid tumors in rats. [22] Cochineal, also known as carmine, is derived from insects and therefore is not vegan, vegetarian or kosher. This criticism originated during the 1950s. In effect, many foods that used dye (such as red velvet cake) became less popular. [citation needed] Brilliant Blue (BBG) food coloring was cited in a recent study in which rats that had suffered a spinal injury were given an injection of the dye immediately after the injury, and were able to regain or retain motor control.BBG helps protect spine from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which the body sends to the area after a spinal injury, which further damages the spine by killing motor neurons at the site of the injury. [23] Research by King Feisal University points that the use of synthetic color in various foods has adverse effects on some of biochemical analysis, specifically at high concentration and administration for along periods of tim e. Changes in liver and kidney histopathological structure and increases in white blood cell count indicated that inflammation is specific to certain colorants. [24]

“Cassablanca” And “Gone With The Wind” Essay

From the great scientist Thomas Alva Edison marks the birth of the most brilliant inventions of all time that has changed the lives of the human race over time. That [is] the debut of the photographic equipment that can record and play series of shots accompanied by sound, popularly called motion picture. By motion picture we mean, films or movies. However the real definition covers the television media as a whole, starting from movies, commercials, TV series, to news and the like. For centuries, motion pictures have portrayed a great role in influencing the lives of the human population which are dominating in the mainstream culture. Decades after decades or maybe year after year from its birth, the transition of motion pictures has evolved as technology continues to reach its infinite summit. From black and white to colored films, blasted with computer generated special effects nowadays, this has become a form of entertainment that is continuously patronized. Not only do motion pictures provide entertainment, but also it can provide education to the audience. For the great Thomas Alva Edison said that motion picture is going to revolutionize the educational system. Because of this extensive array that films provide this has mark the advent of the film industry. There has been no doubt that films are continuously patronized by its consumers. And as the economy film industry booms, there has also an increase in the category or the variety of films from which consumers can choose. The types of movies classified by the Motion Picture Research Bureau in 1942 includes: Comedies (which can have subtypes such as sophisticated, slapstick, family life, musical), war pictures, mystery and horror pictures, historicals and biographies, fantasies, western pictures, gangster and G-men pictures, serious dramas, love stories, romantic pictures, socially significant pictures, adventure, action pictures, musicals (serious), child star pictures, and (Wild) animal pictures. Others have classified motion pictures according to function. Such classification includes: feature films, animated films, documentaries, experimental films, industrial films, and educational films. When movies are classified according to type, this becomes more beneficial to most of the film producers. This is because they could sell out their films easily for their audience knows what to look forward to because it is much easier to familiarize generic films. This types of pictures use a series of repeating visual themes which allows the viewers to understand the collective information regarding characters, situations, and overall message of any film. Since audience always expect that there is some element of novelty in any film. Technology paved its way to allow innovation for such films to have generic consistency. In many ways, for historians, thinking about genre can expose what might have been ideologically `familiar` to viewers in a time period, and also what they might have perceived as daring or unfamiliar. Every film documents the historical accounts in a genre where people can relate themselves because this is what is happening in their society. Such example is the motion picture during the period where the renowned scientist Thomas Alva Edison lives up to the present genre of motion pictures in computer age. Films indeed mark every course of the world’s history. Contemporary films starting from the 1930’s up to the 1960’s were films which covers the historical events that took place during those times. Films like Casablanca (released in 1942) and Gone with the Wind (released in 1939) retells the history of the Nazi invasion (in Casablanca) and the American Civil War (in Gone with the Wind). These two films reflect the social condition of the people during the Nazi-invasion and during the American Civil War. Casablanca The people living between 1930’s to 1960’s can easily relate to Casablanca for the setting of the story was during the Second World War. Casablanca is a story that revolves around Rick Blaine who is a bitter, cynical American, owner of â€Å"Rick’s Cafe Americain†. The nightclub/casino attracts a mixed clientele of Vichy French and Nazi officials, refugees and thieves. Although Rick professes â€Å"not to stick out his neck to everybody†, he still manages to help those who are in need and involves himself to people like Ugarte. Ugarte killed two German couriers to get the letters of transit which is a passport to travel freely around German-controlled Europe and to neutral Portugal, and from there to the United States. And because everybody wants to escape the hostilities of Europe, Ugarte plans to make a fortune out of the letter. However, before he tries to do so he was arrested and was killed under the command of under the command of Captain Louis Renault. Not knowingly, Ugarte had entrusted the letters to Rick. All the bitterness in Rick’s love affair would flashback when his ex-lover Ilsa arrives with her husband Victor, a Czech Resistance leader, to buy the letters. The needs to go to America so that Victor can continue his work. However, Laszlo is eyed by German Major Strasser. Laszlo as advised by Signor Ferrari, meets with Rick privately to get the letters, however Rick refuses to give the letters and request for Ilsa instead. Interrupted by Strasser’s group who led to sing the German patriotic song, Laszlo was infuriated. Then Laszlo tells the house band to play the French national anthem. Rick allowed the band to play the song which lead Strasser to order Renault to close the club. Rick refuses Ilsa to give the documents even though he was threatened by her. And then Ilsa confesses that she still loves Rick, explaining why she had left Rick without explanation that day in Paris and Return to Laszlo. After hearing the whole detail, Rick agrees to help, leading her to believe that she will stay behind with him when Laszlo leaves. From the story alone it appears that Casablanca was really loved by many people because the movie shows the hardships of the people during World War II. The film also tries to show how people desperately want to get out of Europe to seek an orderly life in America. The film also shows that because the Nazi ceased all trades in Europe, these people living in Casablanca have to resort to black market in order to survive. Moreover the film centralizes its theme to the myth of sacrifice. The idea of sacrifice reassures the audience of this time who were caught in distraught during the war. The love triangle in the movie represents the emotional struggle of a woman caught between two men has given an entertaining value for the film. Gone with the Wind Another contemporary movie that is another prototype of Casablanca is Gone with the Wind. Gone with the Wind is a story of a difficult woman Scarlett O’ Hara who is supposed to be an heir of a large cotton plantation until the American Civil War came. Scarlett falls in love with Ashley Wilkes however Ashley is hopelessly in love with his cousin Melanie whom he proposes to marry. When Scarlett heard the news she also got married to Ashley’s comrade but then she became widow as her husband died in the war. On the other side of the story Rhett Butler, a businessman and a visitor in Tara was attracted to Scarlett however Scarlett never entertains the idea. During the war Scarlett serves as a nurse in the refuge of soldiers who gets wounded in the fight. And as things get worst, Rhett Butler was there to help and sends Scarlett to her home in Tara together with Melanie. As the life in Tara gets harder because of the Civil War and Yankees try to get all the pieces of land they could get in the South. Scarlett decided to go to Rhett and ask Rhett to help her. However Rhett turned Scarlett down and so Scarlett went to the rich lover of one of her sisters and professes her love. Soon she remarries and got rich again. She started managing a timber business together with Ashley. Not long enough Scarlett became a widow for the second time and soon she got married to Rhett. They have a child named Bonnie, but still they were fighting for Scarlett was so insistent on not having a child again. Rhett thought that all of this has something to do with her love for Ashley so they became separated for a while. A tragic incident happen when Scarlett lost her second child and Bonnie. Scarlett realized how much he loved Rhett and professes her love to him. But Rhett still decided to leave her. Gone with the Wind was loved by many people for they can relate to War movies at that time likewise with Casablanca. People were entertained because they could easily put themselves into the character and into the situation where they live. The element of love story in the film tries to show that we should still be hopeful amidst tragic event for as Scarlett O’ Hara said in the finale â€Å"tomorrow is another day†. Love can never be lost in every war for it is where sacrifices and hopes come from. People enjoyed watching those films that time for film is the only form of escape from the reality of life. Despite the war people can think that they can still love no matter how hard life is.

Thoreau and Kings ideas essays

Thoreau and Kings ideas essays There are times throughout the history of the United States when its citizens have felt the need to revolt against the government. There were such cases during the time of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau, when there was unfair discrimination against the African American community and Americans refusing to pay poll taxes to support the Mexican War. They used civil disobedience to eventually get legislation to stop the injustice brought against them and their nation. Civil disobedience is defined as the refusal to obey civil laws or decrees, which usually takes the form of passive resistance. People practicing civil disobedience break a law because they consider the law unjust, and want to call attention to its injustice, hoping to bring about its withdrawal. Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience in 1849 after spending a night in the Walden town jail for refusing to pay a poll tax that supported the Mexican War. He recommended passive resistance as a form of tension that could lead to reform of unjust laws practiced by the government. He stated civil disobedience as An expression of the individuals liberty to create change. Thoreau believed that the government had established order that resisted reform and change. Action from principle, the perception and the performance of right, changes things and relations; it is essentially revolutionary. Thoreau refused to pay the poll tax because the money was being used to finance the Mexican War. Not only was he against the war itself but the war was over Texas which was to be used as a slave state. His friend Staples offered to pay the tax for him, but to Thoreau it wasnt the tax he was objected to, it was how the money would be used. He thought strongly against paying money to a war that he did not support, and would rather end up in jail that go against his will. A certain passage shows how ...

Patient Anxiety from MRI Scans

Patient Anxiety from MRI Scans Abstract The paper seeks to determine whether there is a relationship between gender, age and level of education in patient anxiety from MRI scans. This is however done by conducting interviews on patients at King Abdul Aziz Medical City in Riyadh. The main causes of anxiety were seen to be the physical surrounding of the examination room, curiosity, beliefs, and the idea of having their brains scanned.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Patient Anxiety from MRI Scans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, with communication, a little distraction and reassurance of their safety, the patients relaxed. Despite being among the major innovation made in the medical sector, people have still come to terms with the idea of how the procedure works. However, it is through the provision of adequate information that people are more informed, and understand the details of the MRI scanning. Statement of problem A study to as sess the relationship between gender, age and level of education in patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging in King Abdul Aziz Medical City in Riyadh. Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique used by medical specialists to scan interior body organs and tissues. It is a diagnostic tool that screens the body by using radio waves and magnetic fields, transferring the images to a computer for thorough screening. This is currently the best diagnostic technique offered in medical institutions as it offers more detailed results, and better imaging compared to other methods. Unlike other methods, there is no exposure to x-rays, making the method even safer. During the examination, the patient usually lies on a table that is slide in a cylindrical container where the diagnoses are performed. Due to the nature of the procedure, the patient can stay in the cylinder for up to an hour depending on the criticality of the examination. In order to receive quality imaging from the scanner, the patient is usually expected to stay calm so as to allow critical imaging. As calming as the environment may be, the MRI scanner normally produces disturbing noises such as clicks, loud bangs and knock, which most of the times scares patients (Shannon, 2002). It is for this reason that most patients develop anxiety from MRI scan.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, studies have shown that music can be used to distract patient from the disturbing noises produced by the scanner, calming them down throughout the procedure. A technique that was first invented for mentally challenged individuals is now a solution to a problem that faces most patients (Stephens, Pait Sheehan, 2003). Literature review Advancement in technology both in diagnosis and treatment has proved to manage diseases effectively. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging is among the most important medical innovations made over the century. The MRI scanner was developed by Mr. Raymond Vahan Damadian, the founder of FONAR Co-operation. This technology has proven to be critically useful in cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurological (brain), and oncology imaging. A number of researches revealed individuals are fearful of the equipment in relation to the loud acoustic noise delivered during imaging creating difficulties in communication. There have also been a range of complaints relating to a lack of information regarding the duration of the scanning and the temperature within the scan. Patients also anticipate pain, discomfort, loss of sense of control and anxiety related symptoms of panic experiences while being scanned. MRI can be problematic psychologically; respiration and swallowing may be increased in apprehensive patients, and motion artefacts arising from such increased movement result in images of no diagnostic value (Stern, 2010). Severe anx iety would result in cancellation of the procedure rescheduling that would increase costs and delaying evaluation (Morris Liberman, 2005). Studies have shown that 25% of the normal population entails patients that suffer moderate and severe anxiety while undergoing MRI scans (Stern, 2010). For this, MRI scanning has been looked at various perspectives, trying to figure out the best way to handle patients without agitating them. By looking at the scanning environment, it is clear why most patients are never at ease.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Patient Anxiety from MRI Scans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To begin with, one is slide in a container where there is only one outlet. This is usually scary to patients as some of them get frightened picturing a situation whereby the only opening is blocked, and one is locked in the chamber. The temperature of the chamber is usually well moderated and oxygenated i n order to make the patient feel as comfortable as possible. However, some say that this is what scares them because they cannot imagine the system failing and getting suffocated in the chamber. The other thing is to examine the psychology of the patient before, and after the scan. With everyone saying how horrible it is to be in the scanning chamber, first timers are usually frightened of the experience. The best way is to take them through the process explaining the details of the procedure, ensuring that they understand that their safety is your concern. This way, they are relaxed, making the procedure a success. To enhance this, some institutions have tried using attractive stencils and calming colors in the waiting and scanning room so as to calm down patients. Calming music has also proven to be relaxing and helps in avoiding triggering anxieties (Zlatkin, 2003). Children, pregnant women and mentally challenged people are usually considered exceptions, and can be medicated in order to ensure that they stay calm throughout the examination. There is the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), an approach that is meant to assure the patient that their safety is highly considered. It is basically all about communication but with a four-principled formula. Building a rapport with the patient is extremely vital and can be developed by positively empowering them on the procedure, but at the same time distracting them with other experiences that may take their mind off the subject. With people having different ways of processing information, there are various approaches that can be used to ease them up.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, there are those that need calming music, some a certain aromas and others a friend to accompany them in the examining room. However, there are those that prefer staying alert throughout the process experiencing the usual noises, which assures them that the machines are working properly. With the high number of patients suffering from anxiety during MRI scans, it has become habitual for everyone else to be frightened of these procedures. For this, the use of testimonials from people who have successfully undergone the process without any hitches may be helpful in calming their nerves. Professionalism from the staff also goes a long way in ensuring that one is calm as the key to this is to gain patient’s trust and making them feel comfortable (Guzzetta, 1998). It has been proven that MRI scan poses no risk to anyone; in fact, it is considered the safest diagnostic technique. The procedure is painless and apart from the fact that it doesn’t involve x-rays, th e positioning of the patient during the examination is usually made comfortable (Fatemi Clayton, 2008). Due to the magnetic energy used in the procedure, one is expected to remove any jewellery, and metals than could be pulled towards the scanner. For this, the procedure is unsuitable for people who have metal implants. For instance, the procedure is never safe for someone with a heart pacemaker. In order to avoid situations that patients are injured because of insufficient information on how the MRI scan works, there is the need to determine the association of MRI scan anxiety and; Level of knowledge Gender Age Methodology A randomized prospective study was conducted among patients who underwent the MRI scan, out of 106 patients 55 patients received oral instruction and 51 patients received information pamphlet. Anxiety was measured just before colonoscopy by using STAI scale. Out of the 106 participants 40 patients were men while women covered the rest of the populace. 90 perce nt of women and 30 percent of men participants suffered anxiety from the MRI scan. The age groups of the patients were; 20, 20-30 years, 31-50, and 51-70. 50 percent and 30 percent of patients who suffered anxiety were from the 20 and 20-30 years age groups consecutively. In terms of the level of education, 67 percent of the patients were high school graduates, 21 percent were still in school and the remaining 11 percent had more than a college degree. The younger patients were seen to be anxious due to their greenness in medical institution, which contributed to their anxiety. Also, the more the educated the patients were the less they suffered from anxiety; therefore, it was obvious that the level of education contributed in the reduction of the anxiety. While the female were seen to hold the highest number of those that suffered anxiety, this can be explained by the nature of women whereby their emotions are easily triggered compared to those of men. The study revealed that the i nformation pamphlet was more effective in reducing anxiety than the oral information. To sum up, the anxiety experienced by patients from the MRI scan was evidently based on gender, age and level of education. Data Collection Method After obtaining administrative permission, the samples will be identified as per inclusion and exclusion criteria using purposive sampling technique. The samples will be randomly allocated into the experimental group by lot method. Initial rapport will be established, the purpose of the study will be explained to the subjects, and informed consent will be obtained. The demographic data will be collected and knowledge and anxiety will be assessed by using standard questionnaire and STAI anxiety scale. The knowledge and pre procedural anxiety levels will be assessed by the investigator just before shifting the patient for Magnetic resonance imaging. Findings After the assessment of the results from the interview, it was evident that patients suffered anxie ty from the MRI scan. Though the number of patients who suffered anxiety varied based on gender, age, and level of education, it clearly showed that the majority of the patients suffered moderate anxiety. As indicated on the analysis table, the study proved that patients were afraid of the procedure, which contributed to their anxiety. Magnetic resonance imaging is a (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure; it is considered painless, but between 25% and 37% of patients undergoing MRI experience moderate to high levels of anxiety and 1.5% to 6.5% terminate their scan prematurely. Besides patient discomfort it is known that patients who experience anxiety move more during scanning than do calm patients, and this may have an effect on image quality (Dougherty, Rauch Rosenbaum, 2004). A study was done to assess the subjective experiences of patients undergoing MRI, using a questionnaire before and after imaging. Patients who experienced problems like fear, discontinuation of proce dure during MRI had pre-imaging anxiety level similar to that of pre operative anxiety (Tasman et al., 2011). Basically, lack of enough information, discouraging beliefs, and the screening environment develops the relentless to pre mature scanning. With the study completed, it is obvious that patient anxiety of MRI scan is not associated in any way with age, gender or level of education. However, the level of education may matter in terms of the information one has on the examination. Our study reviewed, out of 40 patients undergoing MRI 95% of the patients completed the procedure and 37% reported moderate to severe anxiety (Burghart Finn, 2011). People are never patient with the procedure, and for this, they decline further screening before complete examinations. Hospital setting itself makes the person anxious (Dougherty, Rauch Rosenbaum, 2004). Discussions Having identified that patient anxiety from MRI scan is a problem that people in Riyadh are faced, implementation of strate gic plans to control this is the way to go. However, patient anxiety from MRI scans is not an issue that is based on gender, age or level of education, but with awareness. For this, the level of education may seem to weigh a little, but the fact that anyone can be informed of the details of the procedure makes the level not an exception. As seen, curiosity and beliefs are the major cause that triggers these anxieties because of being misinformed. Therefore, by giving people the right information, there is the possibility of turning around the situation, making better perceptions of the procedure. Even though the study showed that most of the women seemed to be the victims of the MRI scan anxiety, it does not mean that gender is factor that defines the outcome of the procedure; it only happens that women tend to be nervous than men not just in this procedure, but also in other ventures. Also, when it comes to age, it can be tricky is the patient is an infant or just a baby that is in controllable. In this case, there is special medication used to help them relax, and stay calm throughout the screening so as to get quality results. To sum up, anxieties associated in MRI scans are in no way linked to age, gender or level of education; it is the psychology of the patient, and the environment on which the procedure is performed that controls the feelings and outcome of the results. Conclusion and Recommendation Having identified the factors that facilitate MRI scan anxiety, coming up with solution to curb this problem is not difficult. As seen, it would be nicer, and a whole lot comfortable if the MRI scanner is placed in the center of a room, and has an exit that assure the patient that they can be removed if anything goes wrong. Also, lying for up to an hour can be agitating, and therefore, the machines should be made to accommodate other positions such as sitting, and standing. With positions such as sitting, patients can be distracted by exciting visual contents such as movies, or television. It is all about patient psychology and control of the surrounding, making it pleasant. References Burghart, G., Finn, C. A. (2011). Handbook of MRI scanning. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. Dougherty, D. D., Rauch, S. L., Rosenbaum, J. F. (2004). Essentials of neuroimaging  for clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. Fatemi, S. H., Clayton, P. J. (2008). The medical basis of psychiatry. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. Guzzetta, C. E. (1998). Essential readings in holistic nursing. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers. Morris, E., Liberman, L. (2005). Breast MRI: Diagnosis and intervention. New York: Springer. Shannon, S. M. (2002). Handbook of complementary and alternative therapies in mental  health. San Diego: Academic Press. Stephens, J. T., Pait, T. G., Sheehan, J. (2003). Golf forever: The spine and more : a  health guide to playing the game. Las Vegas, Nev: Stephens Press. Stern, T. A. (2010). Massachusetts General Hospital handboo k of general hospital  psychiatry. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. Tasman, A., Kay,. J., Lieberman, J. A., First, M. B., Maj, M. (2011). Psychiatry. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Zlatkin, M. B. (2003). MRI of the shoulder. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Appendices   Questionnaire What is your:  Name?  Age?  Gender? Is this your first time to perform the MRI scan? What do you know about the procedure? Do you know of people who have performed the procedure and what do they say? What do you feel about this diagnostic method (also state your expectation)? What was the experience like? Was the support of the staff helping? Do you feel any distortion/abnormality? Were your expectations met? Would you go for another MRI scan? What would you recommend? Age Suffered anxiety Did not suffer anxiety Total 20 years 35 7 42 20-30 years 21 15 36 31-50 years 9 9 18 51-70 years 5 5 10 Total 70 36 106 Chi-square = 9.77; df = 8, p = 0.2815, Cramer’s V = 0.1073 Gender Suffered anxiety Did not suffer anxiety Total Men 12 28 40 Women 56 10 66 Total 68 38 106 Chi-square = 32.58; df = 4, p = .0001, Cramer’s V = 0.196 Level of education Suffered anxiety Did not suffer anxiety Total Students 50 21 71 High school graduates 12 10 22 Colleges and University graduates 5 8 13 Total 67 39 106 Chi-square = 5.72; df = 6, p = 0.4553, Cramer’s V = 0.0821

MBA SUBJECT corporate strategy exam case study .plz find the case

MBA SUBJECT corporate strategy exam .plz find the on KPN surviving the crisis in the telecommunication industry and answer the following question - Case Study Example Diversification strategy is a completely different strategic option as the company would usually diversify its products, competencies into completely different regions. There is high risk in this strategy but the returns are also high as well. In relation to the KPN case study, it is observed that the company had chosen to use product development and market development as their new strategic option. KPN chose the aforementioned two strategic options for many reasons. Firstly, the company wanted to focus on their core competencies and dispose of their non-core assets. Secondly, the external factors of change such as privatization, deregulation, technological developments and growth in mobile communications compelled the company to diversify its activities in different markets using new products. In response to the aforementioned changes, the company first chose the product development strategy by developing new products in the area of mobile and internet for its existing customers such as private individuals, small business and big corporations who were on the verge of changing in terms of expansion with the need of new technologies in telecommunications. The advantage of using this strategy was that KPN now had a clear direction on which it could focus and gain market share by introducing better technology for retention of its customers. As the market grew, the company took its product development strategy in the global arena which turned its strategy into the market development strategic option. The reason for doing so was that many corporations big and small were now playing on the global field with requirements such as just in time deliveries, enterprise resource planning systems and fast telecommunications. The advantage of using market development strategic option was that the company now had broad base of customers in different countries rather than just relying on its

Video news release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video news release - Essay Example Through undertaking a survey of 77 television stations that broadcasts to 50% of the USA population, the CMD found that there were 36 video news release that were aired by these television stations incorporated and disguised as part of their own news, without disclosing to the audience the authentic source of the video news (). However, the major problem associated with the video news release is that the television stations that broadcasts these types of news fails to balance the clients news with their own independently researched footages, so as to present to the clients the actual status of the clients. More than 75% of the USA adult population depended on television news to be informed on what is happening around the world. Therefore, the television news that is aired on a daily basis has a great influence on the ability of the people to evaluate everything, ranging from consumer products to government policies (). The government has also been known for contributing the highest p ercentage of video news release that are aired by the television news, while political parties and other politically-based organizations are keen to broadcast their opinions to the public though the use of the video news release. There has been a recent controversy over the state of the video news release being incorporated within the normal news broadcast by televisions to the public, but the controversial debate has not deterred the television stations from continued airing of the fake news (). The controversy has led the U.S. Federal Communications Commission to investigate the conduct of the television stations that incorporates corporate clients or the government released video news release as their own news. This resulted to the issuance of the FCCs April 2005 Public Notice, which provided that the television stations must always disclose the sources of their news